In agricultural systems, soil quality is thought of in terms of productive land that can maintain or increases farm profitability, as well as conserving soil resources so that future farming generations can make a living. Management practices which can modify soil quality include tillage systems and crop rotations. A large proportion of cotton grown in Australia has been grown with various rotation crops (mainly cereals) with corn and vetch increasing in recent years. Wheat rotation crops can improve soil quality indicators such as subsoil structure, salinity and sodicity under irrigated and dryland conditions, while leguminous crops can increase available nitrogen. Generally, soil organic carbon is unaffected by rotations crops and it is uncertain whether rotation crops change cotton water use efficiency. Profitability of cotton-rotation crop sequences varies with the relative price of cotton to wheat. Cotton-rotation crop sequences may be more resilient to price increases in fuel and fertiliser due to lower overall input costs.